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conflict escalation
Conflict escalation is the process by which conflicts grow in severity over time. This may refer to conflicts between individuals or groups in interpersonal relationships, or it may refer to the escalation of hostilities in a political or military context. In systems theory, the process of conflict escalation is modeled by positive feedback.
While the word ''escalation'' was used as early as in 1938, it was popularized during the Cold War by two important books: ''On Escalation'' (Herman Kahn, 1965) and ''Escalation and the Nuclear Option'' (Bernard Brodie, 1966). In these contexts, it especially referred to war between two states with weapons of mass destruction—the Cold War.
Conflict escalation has a tactical role in military conflict, and is often formalized with explicit rules of engagement. Highly successful military tactics exploit a particular form of conflict escalation; for example, controlling an opponent's reaction time allows the tactician to pursue or trap his opponent. Napoleon and Heinz Guderian both advocated this approach. Sun Tzu elaborated it in a more abstract form, and additionally maintained that military strategy was about minimizing escalation, and diplomacy about eliminating it.
==Continuum of Force==
(詳細は documents the stages of Conflict escalation in combat for a typical subject. They are:
*''Level 1: Compliant (Cooperative)''.
The subject responds to and obeys verbal commands. They refrain from close combat.
*''Level 2: Resistant (Passive)''.
The subject resists verbal commands but complies to commands immediately upon contact controls. They refrain from close combat.
*''Level 3: Resistant (Active)''.
Initially, the subject physically resists commands, but he can be made to comply by compliance techniques; these include come-along holds, soft-handed stunning blows, and techniques inducing pain by joint manipulation and pressure points.
*''Level 4: Assaultive (Bodily Harm)''.
The unarmed subject physically attacks his opponent. He can be controlled by certain defensive tactics, including blocks, strikes, kicks, enhanced pain compliance procedures, impact weapon blocks and blows.
*''Level 5: Assaultive (Lethal Force)''.
The subject has a weapon and will likely kill or injure someone unless controlled. This is only possible by lethal force, which possibly requires firearms or weapons.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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